Quadratic Unconstrained Boolean Optimization (QUBO)
Accessed with qubovert.QUBO
- class qubovert.QUBO(*args, **kwargs)
QUBO.
Class to manage converting general QUBO problems to and from their QUBO and QUSO formluations.
This class deals with QUBOs that have boolean labels that do not range from 0 to n-1. If your labels are nonnegative integers, consider using
qubovert.utils.QUBOMatrix
. Note that it is generally more efficient to initialize an empty QUBO object and then build the QUBO, rather than initialize a QUBO object with an already built dict.QUBO inherits some methods and attributes the
QUBOMatrix
class. Seehelp(qubovert.utils.QUBOMatrix)
.QUBO inherits some methods and attributes the
BO
class. Seehelp(qubovert.utils.BO)
.Example
>>> qubo = QUBO() >>> qubo[('a',)] += 5 >>> qubo[(0, 'a')] -= 2 >>> qubo -= 1.5 >>> qubo {('a',): 5, ('a', 0): -2, (): -1.5}
>>> qubo = QUBO({('a',): 5, (0, 'a'): -2, (): -1.5}) >>> qubo {('a',): 5, ('a', 0): -2, (): -1.5} >>> Q = qubo.to_qubo() >>> Q {(0,): 5, (0, 1): -2, (): -1.5} >>> qubo.convert_solution({0: 1, 1: 0}) {'a': 1, 0: 0}
Note
For efficiency, many internal variables including mappings are computed as the problemis being built. This can cause these values to be wrong for some specific situations. Calling
refresh
will rebuild the dictionary, resetting all of the values. Seehelp(QUBO.refresh)
Examples
>>> from qubovert import QUBO >>> Q = PUSO() >>> Q[('a',)] += 1 >>> Q, Q.mapping, Q.reverse_mapping {('a',): 1}, {'a': 0}, {0: 'a'} >>> Q[('a',)] -= 1 >>> Q, Q.mapping, Q.reverse_mapping {}, {'a': 0}, {0: 'a'} >>> Q.refresh() >>> Q, Q.mapping, Q.reverse_mapping {}, {}, {}
__init__.
This class deals with QUBOs that have boolean labels that do not range from 0 to n-1. If your labels are nonnegative integers, consider using
qubovert.utils.QUBOMatrix
. Note that it is generally more efficient to initialize an empty QUBO object and then build the QUBO, rather than initialize a QUBO object with an already built dict.- Parameters
arguments (define a dictionary with
dict(*args, **kwargs)
.) – The dictionary will be initialized to follow all the convensions of the class.
Examples
>>> qubo = QUBO() >>> qubo[('a',)] += 5 >>> qubo[(0, 'a')] -= 2 >>> qubo -= 1.5 >>> qubo {('a',): 5, ('a', 0): -2, (): -1.5}
>>> qubo = QUBO({('a',): 5, (0, 'a'): -2, (): -1.5}) >>> qubo {('a',): 5, ('a', 0): -2, (): -1.5}
- property Q
Return a plain dictionary representing the QUBO. Each key is a tuple of two integers, ie (1, 1) corresponds to (1,). Note that the offset in the QUBOMatrix is ignored (ie the value corresponding to the key ()). See the
offset
property to access it.- Returns
Q – Plain dictionary representing the QUBO in standard form.
- Return type
dict.
- clear()
clear.
For efficiency, the internal variables for
degree
,num_binary_variables
,max_index
are computed as the dictionary is being built (and in subclasses such asqubovert.PUBO
, properties such asmapping
andreverse_mapping
). This can cause these values to be wrong for some specific situations. Thus, when we clear, we also need to reset all of these cached values. This function remove all the elments fromself
and resets the cached values.
- convert_solution(solution, spin=False)
convert_solution.
Convert the solution to the integer labeled QUBO to the solution to the originally labeled QUBO.
- Parameters
solution (iterable or dict.) – The QUBO or QUSO solution output. The QUBO solution output is either a list or tuple where indices specify the label of the variable and the element specifies whether it’s 0 or 1 for QUBO (or 1 or -1 for QUSO), or it can be a dictionary that maps the label of the variable to is value.
spin (bool (optional, defaults to False)) – spin indicates whether
solution
is the solution to the boolean {0, 1} formulation of the problem or the spin {1, -1} formulation of the problem. This parameter usually does not matter, and it will be ignored if possible. The only time it is used is ifsolution
contains all 1’s. In this case, it is unclear whethersolution
came from a spin or boolean formulation of the problem, and we will figure it out based on thespin
parameter.
- Returns
res – Maps boolean variable labels to their QUBO solutions values {0, 1}.
- Return type
dict.
Example
>>> qubo = QUBO({('a',): 1, ('a', 'b'): -2, ('c',): 1}) >>> Q = qubo.to_qubo() >>> Q {(0,): 1, (0, 1): -2, (2,): 1} >>> solution = solve_qubo(Q) # any solver you want >>> solution [1, 1, 0] # or {0: 1, 1: 1, 2: 0} >>> sol = qubo.convert_solution(solution) >>> sol {'a': 1, 'b': 1, 'c': 0}
>>> qubo = QUBO({('a',): 1, ('a', 'b'): -2, ('c',): 1}) >>> L = qubo.to_quso() >>> solution = solve_quso(L) # any solver you want >>> solution [-1, -1, 1] # or {0: -1, 1: -1, 2: 1} >>> sol = qubo.convert_solution(solution) >>> sol {'a': 1, 'b': 1, 'c': 0}
- copy()
copy.
Same as dict.copy, but we adjust the method so that it returns a DictArithmetic object, or whatever object is the subclass.
- Returns
d – Same as
self.__class__
.- Return type
DictArithmetic object, or subclass of.
- classmethod create_var(name)
create_var.
Create the variable with name
name
.- Parameters
name (hashable object allowed as a key.) – Name of the variable.
- Returns
res – The model representing the variable with type
cls
.- Return type
cls object.
Examples
>>> from qubovert.utils import DictArithmetic >>> >>> x = DictArithmetic.create_var('x') >>> x == DictArithmetic({('x',): 1}) True >>> isinstance(x, DictArithmetic) True >>> x.name 'x'
>>> from qubovert import QUSO >>> >>> z = QUSO.create_var('z') >>> print(z) {('z',): 1} >>> print(isinstance(z, QUSO)) True >>> print(z.name) 'z'
- property degree
degree.
Return the degree of the problem.
- Returns
deg
- Return type
int.
- fromkeys(value=None, /)
Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
- get(key, default=None, /)
Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
- is_solution_valid(solution)
is_solution_valid.
Included for consistency with other problem classes. Always returns True since this is an unconstrainted problem.
- Parameters
solution (iterable or dict.) –
- Returns
valid – Always returns True.
- Return type
bool.
- items() a set-like object providing a view on D's items
- keys() a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
- property mapping
mapping.
Return a copy of the mapping dictionary that maps the provided labels to integers from 0 to n-1, where n is the number of variables in the problem.
- Returns
mapping – Dictionary that maps provided labels to integer labels.
- Return type
dict.
- property max_index
max_index.
Return the maximum label of the integer labeled version of the problem.
- Returns
m
- Return type
int.
- property name
name.
Return the name of the object.
- Returns
name
- Return type
object.
Example
>>> d = DictArithmetic() >>> d.name None >>> d.name = 'd' >>> d.name 'd'
- normalize(value=1)
normalize.
Normalize the coefficients to a maximum magnitude.
- Parameters
value (float (optional, defaults to 1)) – Every coefficient value will be normalized such that the coefficient with the maximum magnitude will be +/- 1.
Examples
>>> from qubovert.utils import DictArithmetic >>> d = DictArithmetic({(0, 1): 1, (1, 2, 'x'): 4}) >>> d.normalize() >>> print(d) {(0, 1): 0.25, (1, 2, 'x'): 1}
>>> from qubovert.utils import DictArithmetic >>> d = DictArithmetic({(0, 1): 1, (1, 2, 'x'): -4}) >>> d.normalize() >>> print(d) {(0, 1): 0.25, (1, 2, 'x'): -1}
>>> from qubovert import PUBO >>> d = PUBO({(0, 1): 1, (1, 2, 'x'): 4}) >>> d.normalize() >>> print(d) {(0, 1): 0.25, (1, 2, 'x'): 1}
>>> from qubovert.utils import PUBO >>> d = PUBO({(0, 1): 1, (1, 2, 'x'): -4}) >>> d.normalize() >>> print(d) {(0, 1): 0.25, (1, 2, 'x'): -1}
- property num_binary_variables
num_binary_variables.
Return the number of binary variables in the problem.
- Returns
n – Number of binary variables in the problem.
- Return type
int.
- property num_terms
num_terms.
Return the number of terms in the dictionary.
- Returns
n – Number of terms in the dictionary.
- Return type
int.
- property offset
offset.
Get the part that does not depend on any variables. Ie the value corresponding to the () key.
- Returns
offset
- Return type
float.
- pop(k[, d]) v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
- popitem()
Remove and return a (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple.
Pairs are returned in LIFO (last-in, first-out) order. Raises KeyError if the dict is empty.
- pretty_str(var_prefix='x')
pretty_str.
Return a pretty string representation of the model.
- Parameters
var_prefix (str (optional, defaults to
'x'
).) – The prefix for the variables.- Returns
res
- Return type
str.
- refresh()
refresh.
For efficiency, the internal variables for
degree
,num_binary_variables
,max_index
are computed as the dictionary is being built (and in subclasses such asqubovert.PUBO
, properties such asmapping
andreverse_mapping
). This can cause these values to be wrong for some specific situations. Callingrefresh
will rebuild the dictionary, resetting all of the values.Examples
>>> from qubovert.utils import PUBOMatrix >>> P = PUBOMatrix() >>> P[(0,)] += 1 >>> P, P.degree, P.num_binary_variables {(0,): 1}, 1, 1 >>> P[(0,)] -= 1 >>> P, P.degree, P.num_binary_variables {}, 1, 1 >>> P.refresh() >>> P, P.degree, P.num_binary_variables {}, 0, 0
>>> from qubovert import PUBO >>> P = PUBO() >>> P[('a',)] += 1 >>> P, P.mapping, P.reverse_mapping {('a',): 1}, {'a': 0}, {0: 'a'} >>> P[('a',)] -= 1 >>> P, P.mapping, P.reverse_mapping {}, {'a': 0}, {0: 'a'} >>> P.refresh() >>> P, P.mapping, P.reverse_mapping {}, {}, {}
- property reverse_mapping
reverse_mapping.
Return a copy of the reverse_mapping dictionary that maps the integer labels to the provided labels. Opposite of
mapping
.- Returns
reverse_mapping – Dictionary that maps integer labels to provided labels.
- Return type
dict.
- set_mapping(*args, **kwargs)
set_mapping.
BO
sublcasses automatically create a mapping from variable names to integers as they are being built. However, the mapping is based on the order in which elements are entered and therefore may not be as desired. Of course, theconvert_solution
method keeps track of the mapping and can/should always be used. But if you want a consistent mapping, thenset_mapping
can be used.Consider the following examples (we use the
qubovert.QUBO
class for the examples, which is a subclass ofBO
).Example 1:
>>> from qubovert import QUBO >>> Q = QUBO() >>> Q[(0,)] += 1 >>> Q[(1,)] += 2 >>> Q.mapping {0: 0, 1: 1} >>> Q.to_qubo() {(0,): 1, (1,): 2}
Example 2:
>>> from qubovert import QUBO >>> Q = QUBO() >>> Q[(1,)] += 2 >>> Q[(0,)] += 1 >>> Q.mapping {0: 1, 1: 0} >>> Q.to_qubo() {(0,): 2, (1,): 1}
To ensure consistency in mappings, you can provide your own mapping with
set_mapping
. See the following modified examples.Modified example 1:
>>> from qubovert import QUBO >>> Q = QUBO() >>> Q[(0,)] += 1 >>> Q[(1,)] += 2 >>> Q.set_mapping({0: 0, 1: 1}) >>> Q.mapping {0: 0, 1: 1} >>> Q.to_qubo() {(0,): 1, (1,): 2}
Modified example 2:
>>> from qubovert import QUBO >>> Q = QUBO() >>> Q[(1,)] += 2 >>> Q[(0,)] += 1 >>> Q.set_mapping({0: 0, 1: 1}) >>> Q.mapping {0: 0, 1: 1} >>> Q.to_qubo() {(0,): 1, (1,): 2}
- Parameters
arguments (defines a dictionary with
d = dict(*args, **kwargs)
.) –d
will become the mapping. Seehelp(self.mapping)
Notes
Using
set_mapping
to set the mapping will also automatically set thereverse_mapping
, so there is no need to call bothset_mapping
andset_reverse_mapping
.
- set_reverse_mapping(*args, **kwargs)
set_reverse_mapping.
Same as
set_mapping
but reversed. Seehelp(self.reverse_mapping)
andhelp(self.set_mapping)
.- Parameters
arguments (defines a dictionary with
d = dict(*args, **kwargs)
.) –d
will become the reverse mapping. Seehelp(self.reverse_mapping)
.
Notes
Using
set_reverse_mapping
to set the mapping will also automatically set themapping
, so there is no need to call bothset_mapping
andset_reverse_mapping
.
- setdefault(key, default=None, /)
Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
- simplify()
simplify.
If
self
has any symbolic expressions, this will go through and simplify them. This will also make everything a float!- Returns
- Return type
None. Updates it in place.
- solve_bruteforce(all_solutions=False)
solve_bruteforce.
Solve the problem bruteforce. THIS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR LARGE PROBLEMS! This is the exact same as calling ``qubovert.utils.solve_qubo_bruteforce(
self, all_solutions, self.is_solution_valid)[1]``.
- Parameters
all_solutions (bool.) – See the description of the
all_solutions
parameter inqubovert.utils.solve_qubo_bruteforce
.- Returns
res –
qubovert.utils.solve_qubo_bruteforce
.- Return type
the second element of the two element tuple that is returned from
- classmethod squash_key(key)
squash_key.
Will convert the input key into the standard form for PUBOMatrix / QUBOMatrix. It will get rid of duplicates and sort. This method will check to see if the input key is valid.
- Parameters
key (tuple of integers.) –
- Returns
k – A sorted and squashed version of
key
.- Return type
tuple of integers.
- Raises
KeyError if the key is invalid. –
Example
>>> squash_key((0, 4, 0, 3, 3, 2)) >>> (0, 2, 3, 4)
- subgraph(nodes, connections=None)
subgraph.
Create the subgraph of
self
that only includes vertices innodes
, and external nodes are given the values inconnections
.- Parameters
nodes (set.) – Nodes of
self
to include in the subgraph.connections (dict (optional, defaults to {})) – For each node in
self
that is not innodes
, we assign a value given byconnections.get(node, 0)
.
- Returns
D – The subgraph of
self
with nodes innodes
and the values of the nodes not included given byconnections
.- Return type
same as type(self)
Notes
Any offset value included in
self
(ie {(): 1}) will be ignored, however there may be an offset in the outputD
.Examples
>>> G = DictArithmetic( >>> {(0, 1): -4, (0, 2): -1, (0,): 3, (1,): 2, (): 2} >>> ) >>> D = G.subgraph({0, 2}, {1: 5}) >>> D {(0,): -17, (0, 2): -1, (): 10}
>>> G = DictArithmetic( >>> {(0, 1): -4, (0, 2): -1, (0,): 3, (1,): 2, (): 2} >>> ) >>> D = G.subgraph({0, 2}) >>> D {(0, 2): -1, (0,): 3}
>>> G = DictArithmetic( >>> {(0, 1): -4, (0, 2): -1, (0,): 3, (1,): 2, (): 2} >>> ) >>> D = G.subgraph({0, 1}, {2: -10}) >>> D {(0, 1): -4, (0,): 13, (1,): 2}
>>> G = DictArithmetic( >>> {(0, 1): -4, (0, 2): -1, (0,): 3, (1,): 2, (): 2} >>> ) >>> D = G.subgraph({0, 1}) >>> D {(0, 1): -4, (0,): 3, (1,): 2}
- subs(*args, **kwargs)
subs.
Replace any
sympy
symbols that are used in the dict with values. Please seehelp(sympy.Symbol.subs)
for more info.- Parameters
arguments (substitutions.) – Same parameters as are inputted into
sympy.Symbol.subs
.- Returns
res – Same as
self
but with all the symbols replaced with values.- Return type
DictArithmetic object.
- subvalue(values)
subvalue.
Replace each element in
self
with a value invalues
if it exists.- Parameters
values (dict.) – For each node
v
inself
that is invalues
, we replace the node withvalues[v]
.- Returns
D
- Return type
same as type(self)
Examples
>>> G = DictArithmetic( >>> {(0, 1): -4, (0, 2): -1, (0,): 3, (1,): 2, (): 2 >>> } >>> D = G.subvalue({0: 2}) >>> D {(1,): -6, (2,): -2, (): 8}
>>> G = DictArtihmetic( >>> {(0, 1): -4, (0, 2): -1, (0,): 3, (1,): 2, (): 2 >>> } >>> D = G.subvalue({2: -3}) >>> D {(0, 1): -4, (0,): 6, (1,): 2, (): 2}
>>> G = PUBO( >>> {(0, 1): -4, (0, 2): -1, (0,): 3, (1,): 2, (): 2 >>> } >>> D = G.subvalue({2: -3}) >>> D {(0, 1): -4, (0,): 6, (1,): 2, (): 2}
- to_enumerated()
to_enumerated.
Return the default enumerated Matrix object.
If
self
is a QUBO,self.to_enumerated()
is equivalent toself.to_qubo()
.If
self
is a QUSO,self.to_enumerated()
is equivalent toself.to_quso()
.If
self
is a PUBO or PCBO,self.to_enumerated()
is equivalent toself.to_pubo()
.If
self
is a PUSO or PCSO,self.to_enumerated()
is equivalent toself.to_puso()
.- Returns
res – If
self
is a QUBO type, then this method returns the corresponding QUBOMatrix type. Ifself
is a QUSO type, then this method returns the corresponding QUSOMatrix type. Ifself
is a PUBO or PCBO type, then this method returns the corresponding PUBOMatrix type. Ifself
is a PUSO or PCSO type, then this method returns the corresponding PUSOMatrix type.- Return type
QUBOMatrix, QUSOMatrix, PUBOMatrix, or PUSOMatrix object.
- to_pubo()
to_pubo.
Since the model is already a QUBO,
self.to_pubo
will simply returnqubovert.utils.PUBOMatrix(self.to_qubo())
.- Returns
P – The upper triangular PUBO matrix, a PUBOMatrix object. For most practical purposes, you can use PUBOMatrix in the same way as an ordinary dictionary. For more information, see
help(qubovert.utils.PUBOMatrix)
.- Return type
qubovert.utils.PUBOMatrix object.
- to_puso(*args, **kwargs)
to_puso.
Create and return PUSO model representing the problem. Should be implemented in child classes. If this method is not implemented in the child class, then it simply calls
to_pubo
orto_quso
and converts to a PUSO formulation.- Parameters
arguments (Defined in the child class.) – They should be parameters that define lagrange multipliers or factors in the QUSO model.
- Returns
H – For most practical purposes, you can use PUSOMatrix in the same way as an ordinary dictionary. For more information, see
help(qubovert.utils.PUSOMatrix)
.- Return type
qubovert.utils.PUSOMatrix object.
- Raises
RecursionError` if neither to_pubo nor to_puso are define –
in the subclass. –
- to_qubo()
to_qubo.
Create and return upper triangular QUBO representing the problem. The labels will be integers from 0 to n-1.
- Returns
Q – The upper triangular QUBO matrix, a QUBOMatrix object. For most practical purposes, you can use QUBOMatrix in the same way as an ordinary dictionary. For more information, see
help(qubovert.utils.QUBOMatrix)
.- Return type
qubovert.utils.QUBOMatrix object.
- to_quso(*args, **kwargs)
to_quso.
Create and return QUSO model representing the problem. Should be implemented in child classes. If this method is not implemented in the child class, then it simply calls
to_qubo
and converts the QUBO formulation to an QUSO formulation.- Parameters
arguments (Defined in the child class.) – They should be parameters that define lagrange multipliers or factors in the QUSO model.
- Returns
L – The upper triangular coupling matrix, where two element tuples represent couplings and one element tuples represent fields. For most practical purposes, you can use IsingCoupling in the same way as an ordinary dictionary. For more information, see
help(qubovert.utils.QUSOMatrix)
.- Return type
qubovert.utils.QUSOMatrix object.
- Raises
RecursionError` if neither to_qubo nor to_quso are define –
in the subclass. –
- update(*args, **kwargs)
update.
Update the dictionary but following all the conventions of this class.
- Parameters
arguments (defines a dictionary, ie
d = dict(*args, **kwargs)
.) – Each element in d will be added in place to this instance following all the required convensions.
- value(x)
value.
Find the value of the QUBO. Calling
self.value(x)
is the same as callingqubovert.utils.qubo_value(x, self)
.- Parameters
x (dict or iterable.) – Maps boolean variable indices to their boolean values, 0 or 1. Ie
x[i]
must be the boolean value of variable i.- Returns
value – The value of the QUBO with the given assignment x. Ie
- Return type
float.
Example
>>> from qubovert.utils import QUBOMatrix, PUBOMatrix >>> from qubovert import QUBO, PUBO
>>> P = PUBOMatrix({(0, 0): 1, (0, 1): -1}) >>> x = {0: 1, 1: 0} >>> P.value(x) 1
>>> Q = QUBOMatrix({(0, 0): 1, (0, 1): -1}) >>> x = {0: 1, 1: 0} >>> Q.value(x) 1
>>> P = PUBO({(0, 0): 1, (0, 1): -1}) >>> x = {0: 1, 1: 0} >>> P.value(x) 1
>>> Q = QUBO({(0, 0): 1, (0, 1): -1}) >>> x = {0: 1, 1: 0} >>> Q.value(x) 1
- values() an object providing a view on D's values
- property variables
variables.
Return a set of all the variables in the dict.
- Returns
res
- Return type
set.